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This also explains practical handling rules. Concentrated acid passivates steel, making carbon steel tanks safe for transport, while dilute acid corrodes them. Industrial production yields 98% acid precisely because that concentration is optimal for absorbing SO3 without forming acid mist, so the logistics chain is built around the concentrated form.
The export curb is not just about supply—it reflects cost pass-through pressure on Chinese producers squeezed between record sulfur costs and domestic price ceilings. If sulfur stays expensive, expect capacity cuts at marginal plants, which would tighten the global acid balance even before any export ban takes effect.
This closed-loop design means the 'seed' acid is never consumed—only diluted and reconcentrated. It also explains why sulfuric acid plants are typically co-located with sulfur or smelter sources: the logistics of shipping 98% acid are costly and hazardous, so on-site production with recycled acid is the economic norm.