Can electrochemical ammonia synthesis replace the Haber-Bosch process commercially?

Can electrochemical ammonia synthesis replace the Haber-Bosch process commercially?
Electrochemical ammonia synthesis is advancing rapidly but remains far from commercial viability. Recent breakthroughs include a continuous flow reactor achieving 61% Faradaic efficiency at ambient conditions, and lithium-mediated systems reaching 71% selectivity at 1 A/cm² current density - an order of magnitude above earlier reports. Stability has improved to 300 hours with 4.6 grams of ammonia produced. However, these are laboratory or pilot-scale results. The fundamental challenge is scaling while maintaining selectivity at industrial current densities. Lithium's scarcity (0.0018% earth abundance) also raises questions about resource constraints if this route scales. Meanwhile, Haber-Bosch remains dominant, responsible for 2% of global energy use and 45% of chemical industry CO2 emissions. The realistic near-term path is hybrid: renewable-powered Haber-Bosch with improved catalysts, not full electrochemical replacement. Expect electrochemical routes to first find niches in distributed, small-scale ammonia production for fuel cells or fertilizers.